enables zero trust for an organization by securing the modern workforce with an all-in-one platform, The capabilities allows us to verify user identities, assess and act on the health of devices, set adaptive access policies, and protect users' productivity with modern remote access and SSO capabilities.

 acquired Duo Security for $2.35 billion in cash back in 2018 and assumed equity awards for 100% of Duo's outstanding shares, warrants and equity incentives on a fully-diluted basis.

Duo Security includes an IPsec integration, as well, which works with Cisco's desktop VPN client and SSL integrations, keeping both desktop, mobile, and hybrid users in line with AnyConnect-level security.

Some online services and web applications, like 

let you protect your account with a mobile-generated passcode. Use Duo Mobile to generate these passcodes, and keep all accounts in one place.

Duo integrates to protect every point of access, from on-premises, to web-based, to cloud-based applications.

Certification authorities (CAs) are considered the central component of a public key infrastructure (PKI) solution. These CAs are designed to exist for many years, during which time the hardware that hosts the CA is probably upgraded and this article becomes relevant.

Steps for upgrading existing Windows Server 2012 Certificate Authority (PKI Infrastructure) to Windows Server 2022.

Provision at least 3 new Windows 2022 Servers (1 offline server)

Back up the current 2012 CS server CA database and configuration

Export certificate database from root CS and intermediate CAs.

Export the current 2012 CS server registry keys.

Remove all the 2012 CS roles from the current Windows Servers.

Install the CS role on new 2022 Windows Servers.

Open the registry backup file in notepad and find "CAServerName" attribute in that backup file and change it to the new FQDN host name of the CA server you're importing to.

After config setup, stop the certificate services

Import reg key after updating hostname in it (right-click select 

Now you can restore the backup configuration on the 2 new CS intermediate servers that were exported from the old CA servers.

Note the certificate templates that are configured in the Certificate Templates folder in the Certification Authority snap-in. The Certificate Templates settings are stored in Active Directory. They are not automatically backed up. You must manually configure the Certificate Templates settings on the new CA to maintain the same set of templates.

Use the Certification Authority snap-in to back up the CA database and private key. To do this, follow these steps:

In the Certification Authority snap-in, right-click the CA name, click 

 to start the Certification Authority Backup Wizard.

Certificate database and certificate database log

Use an empty folder as the backup location. Make sure that the backup folder can be accessed by the new server.

. If the specified backup folder does not exist, the Certification Authority Backup Wizard creates it.

Type and then confirm a password for the CA private key backup file.

, and then verify the backup settings. The following settings should be displayed:

Remove the CS role from the new 2022 Windows Servers.

Install the CS role on the old 2012 Windows Servers.

Edit the registry backup file to equal the old CA FQDN host name

Restore the backup configuration and registry key on the old CS 2012 servers.

Certification authorities (CAs) are considered the central component of a public key infrastructure (PKI) solution

PKI Infrastructure Upgrade

Upgraded a Windows 2012 PKI environment to new Windows 2022 Servers. This included an "offline" CA Root server and two "online" intermediary servers.

Upgraded a Windows 2012 PKI environment to new Windows 2022 Servers.

Windows 2012 PKI Upgrade to 2022

Cyber security can be described as the collective methods, technologies, and processes to help protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer systems, networks and data, against cyber-attacks or unauthorized access.

Cyber Security

Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior and is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages.

Cryptography

In general, compliance means conforming to a rule, such as a specification, policy, standard or law. Compliance has traditionally been explained by reference to the deterrence theory, according to which punishing a behavior will decrease the violations both by the wrongdoer and by others

Compliance

Cloud security is a collection of procedures and technology designed to address external and internal threats to business security. Organizations need cloud security as they move toward their digital transformation strategy and incorporate cloud-based tools and services as part of their infrastructure.

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